The U.S. government’s efforts to flood the markets with cash in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic has proved a double-edged sword for banks by propping up borrowers but leaving institutions flooded with excess cash. At the same time, the pandemic pushed many banking customers to conduct business through digital channels, including those offered by well-funded fintechs. Amid a tough earnings environment and changing competitive landscape, some banks are working to modernize their offerings, while others are pursuing mergers in the face of daunting challenges.